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Chemical compound

Diethylene glycol
Skeletal formula of diethylene glycol
Ball-and-stick model of the diethylene glycol molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name

2,2′-Oxydi(ethan-1-ol)
Other names

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)
2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethan-i-ol
Diethylene glycol
Ethylene diglycol
Diglycol
ii,two′-Oxybisethanol
ii,2′-Oxydiethanol
3-Oxa-1,5-pentanediol
Dihydroxy diethyl ether
Digenos
Digol
Identifiers

CAS Number
  • 111-46-6 check Y

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:46807 check Y
ChemSpider
  • 13835180 check Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.521 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
  • C14689 check Y

PubChem CID

  • 8117
UNII
  • 61BR964293 check Y

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

  • DTXSID8020462 Edit this at Wikidata

InChI

  • InChI=1S/C4H10O3/c5-1-3-seven-iv-2-vi/h5-6H,1-4H2check Y

    Key: MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncheck Y

  • InChI=1/C4H10O3/c5-ane-3-seven-4-two-6/h5-6H,1-4H2

    Fundamental: MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYAK

SMILES

  • OCCOCCO
Backdrop

Chemical formula

 CfourH10Othree
Molar mass 106.12 thou/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Density i.118 g/mL
Melting point −10.45 °C (13.19 °F; 262.70 Chiliad)
Boiling bespeak 244 to 245 °C (471 to 473 °F; 517 to 518 K)

Solubility in water

 miscible
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):

Main hazards

 Combustible, mildly toxic
GHS labelling:

Pictograms

 GHS02: Flammable GHS06: Toxic GHS07: Exclamation mark
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

two

1

0

Wink indicate Combustible
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

 ii — 25 k/kg (orally, rats)[1]
Related compounds

Related diols

 ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

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Infobox references

Chemical chemical compound

Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound with the formula (HOCHtwoCH2)2O. It is a colorless, practically odorless, and hygroscopic liquid with a sweetish gustation. It is a four carbon dimer of ethylene glycol. It is miscible in h2o, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethylene glycol.[2] DEG is a widely used solvent.[3] It tin can exist a contaminant in consumer products; this has resulted in numerous epidemics of poisoning since the early 20th century.[2]

Preparation [edit]

DEG is produced past the fractional hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. Depending on the weather condition, varying amounts of DEG and related glycols are produced. The resulting product is 2 ethylene glycol molecules joined by an ether bond.[4]

"Diethylene glycol is derived every bit a co-production with ethylene glycol (MEG) and triethylene glycol. The industry generally operates to maximize Meg product. Ethylene glycol is by far the largest volume of the glycol products in a variety of applications. Availability of DEG will depend on demand for derivatives of the primary production, ethylene glycol, rather than on DEG market requirements."[five]

Structure of DEG and related polyols [edit]

Diethylene glycol is one of several glycols derived from ethylene oxide. Glycols related to and coproduced with diethylene glycol and have the formula HOCH2CH2(OCH2CH2) n OH are:

  • n = 0 ethylene glycol ("antifreeze"); monoethylene glycol Meg
  • north = 1 DEG
  • n = ii triethylene glycol, TEG, or triglycol
  • northward = 3 tetraethylene glycol
  • n = four pentaethylene glycol
  • n > 4 polyethylene glycol

These compounds are all hydrophilic, more so than well-nigh diols, by virtue of the ether functionality.

Uses [edit]

Diethylene glycol is used in the manufacture of saturated and unsaturated polyester resins, polyurethanes, and plasticizers.[5] DEG is used as a building block in organic synthesis, e.yard. of morpholine and i,4-dioxane. Information technology is a solvent for nitrocellulose, resins, dyes, oils, and other organic compounds. It is a humectant for tobacco, cork, printing ink, and gum.[6] Information technology is too a component in restriction fluid, lubricants, wallpaper strippers, bogus fog and haze solutions, and heating/cooking fuel.[two] In personal care products (e.chiliad. skin cream and lotions, deodorants), DEG is often replaced by selected diethylene glycol ethers. A dilute solution of diethylene glycol can also be used every bit a cryoprotectant; however, ethylene glycol is much more than commonly used. Nigh ethylene glycol antifreeze contains a few pct diethylene glycol, present as a byproduct of ethylene glycol production.

Toxicology [edit]

Despite the discovery of DEG's toxicity in 1937 and its involvement in mass poisonings around the globe, the information bachelor regarding human toxicity is limited. Some authors suggest the minimum toxic dose is estimated at 0.14 mg/kg of body weight and the lethal dose is betwixt 1.0 and 1.63 g/kg of body weight,[7] while some advise the LD50 in adults is of ~1 mL/kg,[2] and others advise this is the LD30.[iv] Because of its adverse effects on humans, diethylene glycol is not immune for apply in food and drugs [eight] (in many countries). The U.Southward. Lawmaking of Federal Regulations allows no more than 0.2% of diethylene glycol in polyethylene glycol when the latter is used as a food additive.[ix] The Government of Commonwealth of australia does non allow DEG as a nutrient condiment due its toxicity; it is only allowed at less than 0.25% w/w of DEG every bit an impurity of polyethylene glycol (PEG)[10] fifty-fifty in toothpaste.[11]

Diethylene glycol has "moderate to low" acute toxicity[12] in animal experiments. The LDl for small mammals has been tested at betwixt 2 and 25 m/kg, less toxic than its relative ethylene glycol, merely still capable of causing toxicity in humans (in high concentration only).[xiii] It appears diethylene glycol possibly more than hazardous to humans[xiv] than implied by oral toxicity data in laboratory animals.[2]

Toxicokinetics [edit]

Although there is limited information well-nigh toxicokinetics in humans, observations in mass poisonings and experimental studies suggest the post-obit data:

Absorption and distribution [edit]

The principal method of absorption is through oral ingestion. Dermal absorption is very low, unless information technology is administered on cleaved or damaged peel. After ingestion, DEG is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and distributed by the bloodstream throughout the body, reaching peak blood concentrations within 30 to 120 minutes. Once DEG reaches the liver, it is metabolized by enzymes.[2] [7]

Metabolism and emptying [edit]

At kickoff, scientists thought that DEG metabolized into ethylene glycol, which is poisonous due to the metabolic production of glycolic acid, glyoxylic acrid, and ultimately oxalic acid.[fifteen] The major cause of ethylene glycol toxicity is the accumulation of glycolic acid in the body,[16] simply the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys can also lead to acute kidney failure.[15] In the case of DEG, observations demonstrated in that location were no calcium oxalate crystal deposits in the kidneys, implying ethylene glycol is not on the DEG metabolic pathway. Rat models suggest DEG is metabolized in the liver by enzyme NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) into a hydrogen ion, NADH and two-hydroxyethoxyacetaldehyde (C4H8O3). Before long after, 2-hydroxyethoxyacetaldehyde (C4HviiiO3) is metabolized by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into the weak acid 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA) with chemical formula C4H8Oiv. Later on on, HEAA leaves the liver through the bloodstream, being partially filtered in the kidneys for emptying.[2] [vii]

Mechanisms [edit]

Based on available literature, scientists suggest unmetabolized DEG and HEAA are partially reabsorbed through glomerular filtration. Equally a consequence, the concentrations of the weak acrid HEAA and metabolites may cause renal delay, leading to metabolic acidosis and further liver and kidney damage.[2] [seven]

Signs and symptoms [edit]

The symptoms of poisoning typically occur in three characteristic intervals:[ii]

  • First phase: Gastrointestinal symptoms such every bit nausea, vomiting, intestinal pain, and diarrhea develop. Some patients may develop early on neurological symptoms like altered mental condition, cardinal nervous organisation depression, blackout and balmy hypotension.
  • Second phase: In one to 3 days after ingestion (and dependent on dose ingested), patients develop metabolic acidosis, which causes acute kidney failure, oliguria, increasing serum creatinine concentrations, and later anuria. Other symptoms reported and secondary to acidosis and/or kidney failure are: hypertension, tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmia, pancreatitis, hyperkalemia or mild hyponatremia.
  • Terminal stage: At least five to 10 days after ingestion, nearly of the symptoms are related to neurological complications, such as: progressive lethargy, facial paralysis, dysphonia, dilated and nonreactive pupils, quadriplegia, and coma leading to expiry.

Treatment [edit]

Fomepizole or ethanol should be quickly administered to prevent diethylene glycol being metabolized to the compound or compounds that cause the real damage.[two]

  • Fomepizole: an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor with eight,000 times more analogousness than ethanol. This treatment has minimal agin furnishings because of abiding serum concentration.[4] However, it is a very expensive medication (approximately $3,000 U.S. per handling).[17]
  • Ethanol: ethanol is a competitive ADH substrate. A abiding blood concentration of 1 to 1.5 chiliad/50 (corresponding to 0.5 to 0.75 mg/L in the breath) should be maintained to acceptably saturate the enzyme. An initial dose of 0.half dozen to 0.vii chiliad ethanol per kilogram body weight should be given (ca 0.8 mL/kg or 0.013 fl.oz./lb). This will cause ethanol intoxication. To avoid adverse effects, frequent serum monitoring and dosage adjustments should be washed.[2]

For late diagnosis where ethanol or fomepizole is ineffective, because DEG has already been metabolized, hemodialysis becomes the just handling available.[4] Hemodialysis may either exist administered alone or in combination with ethanol or fomepizole.

Prognosis [edit]

The prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis and treatment due to the high mortality charge per unit DEG intoxication produces. Patients who survive only develop kidney failure remain dialysis-dependent. All patients are likely to endure significant morbidity.[4]

Epidemiology [edit]

The physical properties of diethylene glycol arrive an excellent counterfeit for pharmaceutical-form glycerine (too called glycerol) or propylene glycol, and has acquired many deaths in different countries. Incidents include its use in China as a component of inexpensive toothpaste, and by winemakers in Europe every bit an adulterant to create a "sweet" wine.[xviii] [19]

1937 – The Massengill Incident (U.s.) [edit]

In 1937, South.E. Massengill Co. (a Tennessee drug visitor), manufactured sulfanilamide dissolved with diethylene glycol, to create a liquid alternative of this drug. The company tested the new product, Elixir sulfanilamide, for viscosity, appearance and fragrance. At the fourth dimension, the food and drug laws did not require toxicological analysis before releasing for auction. When 105 people died in 15 states during the months of September and October, the trail led back to the elixir, and the toxic potential of this chemical was revealed.[20] [21] [22] This episode was the impetus for the Federal Nutrient, Drug, and Cosmetic Human action of 1938.[23] This police force, though extensively amended in subsequent years, remains the primal foundation of FDA regulatory authority to the present twenty-four hours.[24]

1969 – South Africa [edit]

In Cape Town, South Africa, seven children developed airsickness, diarrhea, and aridity, and died of kidney failure after administration of over-the-counter sedatives. Soon, patients started to nowadays anuria, acidic animate, hepatomegaly, and unresponsiveness. Patients were treated with fluid hydration and correction of acidosis, simply some were not able to survive. Postmortem exam revealed impairment in the kidneys and liver, and laboratory testing establish DEG instead of propylene glycol in the sedatives.[2] [23]

1985 – Spain [edit]

Patients beingness treated for burns adult sudden anuric kidney failure. Further investigation revealed all patients were treated with topical argent sulfadiazine ointment that independent vii 1000/kg of DEG. This event caused the death of 5 patients.[4] [25] [26]

1985 – Wine scandal (Austria) [edit]

During the month of July 1985, Austrian wines were found to contain up to one,000 parts per million of DEG, giving them a desirable sweetness. Austrian wine was banned in many countries and the U.South. Agency of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms started to exam all imported wine.

In November, The New York Times published a vino recall that the Federal Government released after the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms tested 1,000 bottles. 45 Austrian, v German and 12 Italian wines tested positive for DEG. Some wines contained less than x parts per million of DEG, a small amount that could not exist detected by laboratory assay in Europe. This triggered the installation of more sensitive laboratory equipment in Banafi laboratories, Italian republic, and stronger booze regulations in Republic of austria.[27] [28] [29]

Afterward recalling millions of wine bottles, the Austrian Government experienced difficulty in finding a style to destroy the production. During September 1986, the Ministry of Public Works started testing a mixture of wine with salt to melt hazardous ice during winter. The principal results revealed that the mixture was more than effective than using salt lone.[thirty] The side by side year, an Austrian electric power plant (Österreichische Draukraftwerke) in Carinthia announced that technicians adult a way to produce energy through burning 30 1000000 liters of contaminated wine.[31]

1986 – Bharat [edit]

At a hospital in Bombay, India, patients were admitted to be treated for diverse health problems. Doctors prescribed glycerine for its osmotic diuretic effect, but patients started to develop kidney failure. Xiv patients received hemodialysis, just the treatment failed. The episode resulted in the deaths of 21 patients and the discovery of glycerin contaminated with eighteen.5% 5/five of DEG.[2] [23] [32]

1990 – Nigeria [edit]

During the summer months, 47 children were admitted to the Jos Academy teaching hospital, Nigeria, with anuria, fever and airsickness. The children later on adult kidney failure and died. All the children had received acetaminophen syrup to treat upper respiratory infections related with malaria. Once physicians identified a suspect paracetamol syrup, samples were shipped to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.Due south., which identified DEG. It was causeless that DEG was used as a substitute of propylene glycol, and this incident encouraged the Nigerian government to develop pharmaceutical quality control guidelines.[2] [23] [33] [34]

1990–1992 – People's republic of bangladesh [edit]

In People's republic of bangladesh between 1990 and 1992, 339 children developed kidney failure, and most of them died, after beingness given paracetamol (acetaminophen) syrup contaminated with diethylene glycol. The outbreak forced the regime to ban the sale of paracetamol elixirs in Dec 1992, causing a decline of 53% in the admission of patients with kidney failure and an 84% decline in admissions by unexplained kidney failure.[35]

1992 – Argentina [edit]

A propolis syrup manufactured past Huilen Laboratories in Buenos Aires, Argentine republic, contained between 24 and 66.5% DEG, and acquired the death of 29 people.[36] [37] [38]

1995–1996 – Haiti [edit]

Medications contaminated with DEG

Haiti 1996 DEG epidemic bend

In the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, disease outbreaks are not recognized unless widespread or unusual. Between Nov 1995 and June 1996, almost 109 children admitted to the University Hospital in Port-au-Prince, Republic of haiti, presented with acute kidney failure.[39] By June 1996, with no thought what was causing the epidemic, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Haiti representative contacted the World Health Organisation (WHO, the parent agency of PAHO), and WHO requested that the Centers for Disease Command and Prevention investigate.[40] [33] [41]

Atomic number 82 CDC investigator Dr. Katherine O'Brien conducted a case-control investigation, looking for potential clues to the epidemic. The report revealed a strong association between ingestion of 2 locally produced acetaminophen liquid products (Afebril and Valodon) and illness. Laboratory testing at CDC of samples taken from parents revealed significant contamination with DEG. The factory of the medication manufacturer, Pharval, was later on investigated by Dr. Joel Selanikio (also of CDC, and an Epidemic Intelligence Service classmate of Katherine O'Brien). Testing of medication samples taken from the factory samples by both CDC and by an independent commercial lab located in Miami, revealed contamination by DEG of 16.four% and higher. With the available technology of the era, the CDC adamant the glycerin used in the syrup grooming was contaminated with approximately 24% DEG.[41] Every bit a result of the example-control findings, and subsequent investigation at the factory, public warnings were issued by the Ministry building of Health and bottles of the two medications were taken from chemist's shop shelves and destroyed. These measures quickly ended the advance of the epidemic.

Only 88 children deaths were recalled by doctors or had medical records. Well-nigh one-half of the victims were under the age of two.[42]

Catastrophe June 1996, the FDA had discovered counterfeit glycerin traced back to Chemical Trading and Consulting (a High german broker), which bought 72 barrels of the syrup from Vos B.Five., a Dutch company. Vos records revealed the syrup had been bought from Sinochem International Chemicals Company through a German language trader, Metall-Chemie. In July 1996, the American Embassy in Cathay contacted Sinochem and requested a listing of Chinese glycerin makers, only the company refused to reveal the names. It was not until September 1996 that Sinochem provided a name of the manufacturer of the tainted syrup. They identified Tianhong Fine Chemicals Mill as the manufacturer. While the FDA tried to observe out Tianhong's address, Chinese officials were reluctant to become involved. One twelvemonth and a half after the FDA began to trace the poisonous shipments, an inspector, Ted Sze, finally visited the Tianhong Fine Chemicals Mill in Dalian, northeastern China. In one case he was inside, there was nothing to do: the plant had already been shut downwards. The Dutch authorities assessed a $250,000 fine against Vos B.V., for non alerting anyone when they tested the syrup and institute impurities.[42]

2006 – People's republic of china [edit]

Wang Guiping discovered how easy it was to enter Communist china's pharmaceutical supply business and earn actress money. Records also revealed that to fool buyers, Wang falsified his license and laboratory assay reports.

Wang declared that after making the kickoff social club of counterfeit syrup, he swallowed some of information technology. Once verifying that he was fine, he shipped it to Qiquihar No. 2 Pharmaceutical in 2005. Some time later, Wang found a reference to diethylene glycol in a chemical volume. Afterwards manufacturing a second batch of syrup containing diethylene glycol for Qiquhar Pharmaceutical, no gustatory modality-test was performed. The counterfeit syrup ended in ampules of Amillarisin A, a medication for gall bladder problems; special pediatric enema fluid; blood vessel illness injections; intravenous pain reliever; and an arthritis medication.

In Apr 2006, the Guangdong Province Hospital of Guangzhou began administering Amillarisin A to their patients. Shortly thereafter, patients died after receiving the medication. Mr. Wang was caught and Qiquihar was shut downwardly by the authorities. As well Wang, five employees of Qiquihar were prosecuted.[43]

2006 – Panama [edit]

Ending September 2006, the Arnulfo Arias Madrid Hospital at Panama City was getting full with patients with contradictory symptoms. The symptoms seemed to match with Guillain–Barré syndrome, just these patients were also losing their ability to urinate, a symptom not related to Guillain–Barré. The death rate of this mysterious illness was nearly 50%, when hospital management decided to isolate all the patients with the affliction in a big room and doctors could compare notes and theories. Soon, patients from other parts of the land started to arrive at hospitals. Doctors had no thought what was happening: the mysterious illness was attacking elderly citizens with hypertension and diabetes history. Nearly one-half were receiving Lisinopril (a blood force per unit area medicine), and many did not retrieve conspicuously if they had been taking other drugs. Suspecting something wrong with Lisinopril, the medicine was removed from the pharmacies[43] while the U.S. Food and Drug Assistants conducted lab analyses, revealing the blood pressure drug was safe; CDC epidemiologists were so invited to participate.[33]

When a patient admitted for a centre attack developed the mysterious affliction at the hospital, Dr. Nestor Sosa, an infectious illness specialist, analyzed the medical record. Because patients treated with Lisinopril developed a cough (a mutual side upshot of ACE inhibitors), they were prescribed an expectorant.[43] Immediately, biological samples and the syrup were sent by jet to CDC for analysis. When urine analyses for a series of metals, pesticides or their metabolites resulted negative, CDC scientists recalled the Nigeria and Haiti incidents. The CDC employed modern laboratory equipment to clarify the samples and confirm the results: the samples contained approximately 8% v/five DEG. Later, raw glycerin was analyzed and results revealed 22.2% v/v DEG.[33]

The Panamanian Government made a nationwide entrada, collecting around 6,000 bottles of cough syrup and 3 other products with the tainted glycerin manufactured by Social Security Laboratories.[44] The 46 barrels of syrup were bought by Social Security Laboratories through a Panamanian middleman, Grupo Comercial Medicom, who bought the product from Rasfer Internacional, a Spanish company. In fact, Rasfer received the product from CNSC Fortune Way, which in plough bought information technology from the Taixing Glycerine Manufacturing plant. At the request of the U.s.a., the State Food and Drug Administration of Mainland china investigated Taixing Glycerine Factory and CNSC Fortune Style, but the agency concluded it is not under their jurisdiction because the factory is not certified to make medicine.[43] [45]

Taixing sold the syrup equally "TD glycerin", wording that neither Chinese inspectors nor Spanish medical authorities comprehended. Unfortunately, Taixing used "TD" for the Chinese word tidai , meaning "substitute".[43] A New York Times reporter tried to obtain a annotate from CNSC Fortune Style at the CPHI Worldwide (the world's largest almanac pharmaceutical convention) held in Milan, Italy, during 2007, just their representatives refused to comment.[46]

In Baronial 2009, the Supreme Court decided to send the diethylene glycol file to the Public Ministry for an extension.[47] The following month, the Toxicology Department of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science published a listing of 1,155 names whose medicine bottles tested positive for DEG. Only approximately 3,000 bottles had been analyzed from the full 6,000 bottles collected. The fiscal attorney urged affected citizens to approach the Public Ministry to update the official legal file and for further medical analysis.[44] Two months later, findings revealed that 145 were proven to die by DEG intoxication, but the DA notwithstanding has to investigate 953 lawsuits.[48]

The New York Times reported that Taixing was closed past the Chinese government and CNSC Fortune Way, which is besides owned by the Chinese regime, was never sanctioned.[46] In Spain, Rasfer International declared defalcation later on the lawyer of Medicom filed a lawsuit of $400 1000000 in July 2008.[49] Castilian government are prosecuting Asunción Criado, general managing director of Rasfer Internacional, S.A., and wait Panamanian citizens, René Luciani (former Social Security Director) and Jéssica Rodríguez (former Purchase National Director) for their hearings. Meanwhile, in Panama, De la Cruz, legal representative of Medicom, remains in jail pending a trial. Seventeen other persons have as well been charged related to this incident. Panama awaits the extradition of Criado for her hearing.[l]

Panama's case made CDC prepare standardized methodology for DEG identification, hoping to have more timely response in future events. The bureau as well identified urinary DEG as a biomarker for DEG exposures.[33] The U.s.a. Nutrient and Drug Administration also issued an Industry Guidance Certificate "intended to alarm pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmacy compounders, repackers, and suppliers to the potential public health hazard of glycerin contaminated with diethylene glycol (DEG)" and recommended appropriate testing procedures for the utilise of glycerin.[51]

During June 2011, the number of confirmed deaths co-ordinate to the official listing rose to 219 victims [52]

2007 – Worldwide toothpaste incident [edit]

In May 2007, a Panamanian named Eduardo Arias discovered a 59-cent toothpaste that was labeled containing DEG. Panamanian officials traced the toothpaste to a local company in the Colón Free Merchandise Zone. In fact, the visitor bought the production in Communist china and had already re-exported toothpaste to Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Haiti, making Panama kicking off a local alert.[53] [54] [55] For the end of the month, the Chinese government committed to investigate the "supposedly" tainted toothpaste that had been recalled in Panama and Dominican Commonwealth, merely stated that, as per an essay written in 2000, a toothpaste containing 15.6% was not dangerous.[56]

On June 1, 2007, the FDA warned consumers to avoid toothpaste from China, although there was no information if these toothpastes had already entered the Usa, and started testing any imported Chinese toothpaste.[57] [58] Days later, Colgate-Palmolive found apocryphal toothpaste with its name, which was contaminated with DEG and found at dollar-type disbelieve stores in New York, New Bailiwick of jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The toothpaste was labeled as "Manufactured in South Africa" and contained misspellings similar "isclinically", "Southward AFRICA" and "South African Dental Assoxiation".[59] [60] Although there were no reports of anyone harmed, several people in the eastern US reported experiencing headaches and pain after using the production.[61] Information technology was later discovered that a cracking number of tubes with poison ended up in hospitals for the mentally sick, prisons, juvenile detention centers, other hospitals and many other state institutions.[62]

In July 2007, health authorities in the Great britain detected a counterfeit Sensodyne toothpaste on auction at a car kick sale in Derbyshire.[63] Soon, other countries also recalling Chinese-made toothpaste were Belize, Canada, Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Espana, Italy, Japan, and Republic of ireland, plus an Indianapolis, Indiana U.s.a. hotel-supplier that distributed Chinese toothpaste in Barbados, Belgium, Bermuda, United kingdom, Canada, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland, Turks and Caicos, the United Arab Emirates and U.s.a.. What began as a local warning revealed a global trouble in more than xxx countries and involving more than 30 brands.[64] The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.[65]

2008 – Nigeria [edit]

Catastrophe November 2008, infants started to die afterward developing unexplained fevers and vomiting.  Investigations revealed that all had taken a medicine called "My Pikin Baby", a teething mixture tainted with diethylene glycol. The poison had caused the death of at least 84 Nigerian children betwixt ages of two months and seven years.[66] [67]

The Nigerian regime traced the diethylene glycol to an unlicensed chemical dealer in Lagos, who sold information technology to a local pharmaceutical manufacturer. Barewa Pharmaceuticals was shut down and the production was pulled off the shelves. They also arrested 12 people in connection with the incident. This being the second incident involving counterfeit glycerine, it prompted the Nigerian National Agency for Food And Drug Assistants and Command (NAFDAC) to prefer zero tolerance for counterfeits.[68] [69] [70]

2019/2020 - Brazil [edit]

In December 2019, some people in the city of Belo Horizonte, initially all from the same neighbourhood, started having symptoms such as nausea, airsickness, intestinal pain, astute kidney failure, facial nerve paralysis, blurred vision, temporary blindness and sensory changes.[71] On 9 Jan 2020, a police report indicated quantities of diethylene glycol in one brand of beer from the small upscale brewery Backer that could take poisoned 18 people in Belo Horizonte and other cities in Minas Gerais state.[71] On 17 Jan, the police confirmed the quaternary death from symptoms matching DEG poisoning, and DEG contagion had been found in 8 brands of beer from the same brewery.[72] [73] On 9 June, the police indicted 11 people, including brewery owners and employees, for manslaughter, unintentional bodily harm and food contamination.[74] On 18 July, the 10th victim died in a Belo Horizonte hospital, a 65-year-sometime man who had been hospitalized since December 2019 due to the poisoning.[74] The investigation revealed that DEG had been used as a coolant for the brewery equipment, in what should have been a closed circuit, merely an undetected leak in the organisation contaminated some batches of beer.[74]

2020 - Bharat [edit]

In the first week of 2020, around 17 children from Ramnagar, in the spousal relationship territory of Jammu and Kashmir, were hospitalised, more than one-half of whom died of kidney failure. The regional drug controller authorities after investigation found out that a faulty batch of the Coldbest PC coughing syrup contained 34.97% of diethylene glycol, which resulted in poisoning and subsequent renal failures. The product was recalled and after an investigation, the Drug Controller Full general of India, VG Somani, said at Republic of india Pharma 2020, that the GMP was non followed, and negligence was found during the production procedure itself. The Himachal Pradesh regime is filing a criminal case confronting the company and its executives.[75] [76]

2022 - India/Gambia/Indonesia [edit]

The WHO issued a medical product alert for 4 "contaminated" Indian pediatric medicines, manufactured by a firm in Haryana'southward Sonepat, saying these drugs identified in Gambia had been potentially linked with acute kidney injuries and 70 deaths amongst children in the west African country. The cough and cold syrups produced by Maiden Pharmaceuticals Limited, Sonepat in India. WHO said laboratory analysis of samples of each of the four products confirmed that they comprise unacceptable amounts of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol every bit contaminants.

Subsequently, on 21 October 2022, 99 children were reported expressionless in Indonesia subsequently ingesting the cough syrups. As a effect authorities in Indonesia banned all syrup medicines. However, they advised that the syrups suspected of causing the deaths in Gambia, were non sold locally in Indonesia.[77] [78] [79]

See also [edit]

  • Apocryphal medications
  • Ethylene
  • Ethylene glycol poisoning
  • Polyethylene glycol

References [edit]

  1. ^ DEG: LD50 for rats
  2. ^ a b c d east f g h i j k l m n Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Temple WA, Beasley DM (2009). "Diethylene glycol poisoning". Clin Toxicol. 47 (6): 525–35. doi:ten.1080/15563650903086444. PMID 19586352. S2CID 22023562.
  3. ^ Siegfried Rebsdat and Dieter Mayer "Ethylene Glycol" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_101.
  4. ^ a b c d due east f Marraffa JM, The netherlands MG, Stork CM, Hoy CD, Hodgman MJ (2008). "Dietylene Glycol: Widely Used Solvent Presents Serious Poisoning Potential". J Emerg Med. 35 (iv): 401–406. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.06.025. PMID 18024066.
  5. ^ a b "Diethylene Glycol (DEG)".
  6. ^ O'Neil M. The Merck Alphabetize. 14th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co; 2006.
  7. ^ a b c d Kraut JA, Kurtz I (2008). "Toxic alcohol ingestions: clinical features, diagnosis, and management". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 3 (one): 208–225. doi:10.2215/CJN.03220807. PMID 18045860.
  8. ^ DEG: awarding restrictions
  9. ^ ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR Direct Improver TO Food FOR HUMAN: Polyethylene glycol [ permanent expressionless link ] , Code of Federal Regulations, Championship 21, Vol.iii, Part 172, Sec. 172.820, Revised equally of April 1, 2006
  10. ^ Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Study Archived 2010-01-20 at the Wayback Machine, June 2009
  11. ^ "Toothpaste containing more than than 0.25 per cent past weight of diethylene glycol (DEG)". Australian Contest & Consumer Committee. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved one December 2009.
  12. ^ Diethylene glycol toxicity
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Sources
  • Merck Alphabetize, 12th Edition, 3168.

External links [edit]

  • The Elixir Sulfanilamide Disaster

77 Deg F To C,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylene_glycol

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